3176B, C-10, C-12 & 3406E TRUCK ENGINES Caterpillar

Glossary Of Terms

Usage:

A/C High Pressure Switch

Senses refrigerant pressure in the air conditioning system and (opens or closes) electrical contacts depending on this pressure to turn the cooling fan ON. This switch may or may not be connected to the ECM.

ATA (American Trucking Association) Data Link

A two-wire electrical connection for communication with other microprocessor based devices that are compatible with the American Trucking Association and SAE Standards (J1587 and J1708) such as trip recorders, electronic dashboards, powertrain controls, and maintenance systems. The Data Link is also the serial communication medium used for programming and troubleshooting with Caterpillar devices.

Active Diagnostic Code

Describes a condition that is currently present to alert the driver or service technician of an abnormal engine operation parameter. Refer to Diagnostic Fault Code.

After Market Device

As used here, a device or accessory installed by the customer or vehicle OEM after the engine is delivered.

Air-To-Air Aftercooler (ATAAC)

A means of cooling intake air after the turbocharger, using ambient air for cooling. The intake air is passed through an aftercooler (heat exchanger) mounted in front of the radiator before going to the intake manifold.

Alternating Current (AC)

The direction of current flow changes (alternates) regularly and constantly in a circuit.

American Wire Gauge (AWG)

A measure of the diameter (and therefore the current carrying ability) of electrical wire. The smaller the AWG number, the larger the wire.

Anti-Lock Brake System (ABS)

Vehicle brake system that attempts to reduce wheel skid during brake operation. A power train electronic control can turn off the engine retarder if necessary, or signal the engine ECM to turn the engine retarder OFF.

Atmospheric Pressure Sensor

Analog sensor generates a signal proportional to atmospheric (barometric) air pressure in the crankcase and sends a signal to the ECM.

Auxiliary Retarder Relay

The brakes' solenoids are driven by an OEM installed relay, which is driven by the ECM.

Before Top Center (BTC)

The 180 degrees of crankshaft rotation before the piston reaches the very top of its travel (normal direction of rotation).

Boost Pressure Sensor

This sensor measures inlet manifold air pressure and sends a signal to the ECM.

Bypass Circuit

A circuit, usually temporary, to substitute for an existing circuit, typically for test purposes.

Calibration

As used here, is an electronic adjustment of a sensor signal.

Caterpillar Driver Information Display (CAT ID)

A digital readout for operator viewing of vehicle and ECM monitored performance parameters.

Caterpillar Engine Monitoring

The part of the Caterpillar Electronic Engine Control that monitors Coolant Temperature, Oil Pressure, Intake Manifold Air Temperature and Coolant Level to alert the operator of detected problems. The Coolant Temperature, Intake Manifold Air Temperature, and Oil Pressure Sensors are supplied by Caterpillar and monitored by the ECM. The Coolant Level Sensor is Vehicle OEM installed, but still monitored by the ECM. After market engine monitoring systems do not interface with the Caterpillar Electronic Engine Control.

Check Engine Lamp

Sometimes referred to as the "Diagnostic Lamp", it is used to alert the operator of the presence of an active event and is used to flash a diagnostic code.

Clutch Switch

This OEM supplied and installed switch is typically a limit switch mounted near the pedal and is usually adjustable. This switch is normally closed with the pedal released. Depressing the clutch will open the circuit.

Code

See Diagnostic Fault Code.

Cold Mode

A mode of engine operation where the timing is retarded and the low idle may be raised for engine protection, reduced smoke emissions and faster warm up time.

Coolant Level Sensor

This OEM installed sensor detects the absence/presence of coolant at the probe and sends a signal to the ECM.

Coolant Temperature Sensor

This sensor detects the engine coolant temperature for Cold Mode operation and Caterpillar Engine Monitoring (if Engine Monitoring is not programmed OFF).

Cooling Fan Relay

This OEM supplied and installed relay is controlled by the ECM. The ECM controls the cooling fan relay based on coolant temperature, the engine retarder and OEM installed air conditioner high pressure switch (if installed).

Cooling Fan Cab Override Switch

This OEM supplied and installed switch overrides control of the cooling fan relay so the cooling fan operates continuously.

Cruise Control Range

The range that the cruise control can operate within. Usually limited to the speed range anticipated on the open road. It is programmable using the Low Cruise and High Cruise Limits.

Custom Data

Part of the ECM stored fleet trip, it allows the vehicle owner to specify operating parameters for monitoring purposes while engine is in service.

Customer Specified Parameter

A parameter value that can be changed and whose value is set by the customer. Protected by Customer Passwords.

Data Link

Refer to ATA Data Link.

Desired RPM

An input to the electronic governor within the ECM. The electronic governor uses inputs from the Throttle Position Sensor, Engine Speed/Timing Sensor and Customer Parameters to determine "Desired RPM".

Diagnostic Event Code

These codes indicate an event that describe an abnormal engine condition, such as an Idle Shutdown Occurrence. They are not necessarily (or usually) an indication of problems within the Electronic System.

Diagnostic Fault Code

Sometimes referred to as a "fault code". These codes indicate an electronic system malfunction or problem with the truck engine Electronic System.

Diagnostic Flash Code

These codes are flashed out using the Check Engine/Diagnostic Lamp to indicate an electronic system malfunction or an event detected by the Electronic System.

Diagnostic Lamp

Sometimes referred to as the "check engine light", it is used to warn the operator of the presence of an active diagnostic code.

Direct Current (DC)

The type of current where the direction of current flow is consistently in one direction only.

Dual Coil Vehicle Speed Sensor

A magnetic pickup that senses movement of the teeth on the output shaft of the transmission. It contains two coils, one to supply a signal to the vehicle speedometer, and one for the vehicle speed buffer.

Duty Cycle

See Pulse Width Modulation.

Electronic Control Analyzer Programmer (ECAP)

An electronic service tool developed by Caterpillar used for programming and diagnosing a variety of Caterpillar electronic controls using a data link.

Electronic Control Module (ECM)

The engine control computer that provides power to the truck engine electronics. It accepts inputs that monitor and outputs that control or change to act as a governor to control engine rpm.

Electronic Control Module (ECM) Fan Control

ECM control of the cooling fan done through an OEM installed relay. The ECM controls the relay (and therefore the fan) based on coolant temperature, the engine retarder and OEM installed air conditioner high pressure switch (if installed).

Electronic Engine Control

The complete electronic system that monitors and controls engine operation under all conditions.

Electronically Controlled Unit Injector

The injection pump which is mechanically actuated, electronically controlled unit injector combining the pumping, electronic fuel metering and injecting elements in a single unit.

Electronic Technician (CAT ET)

A software program to run on a service tool like a personal computer (PC). This program will supplement and eventually replace ECAP.

Engine Retarder Solenoids

This refers to the Engine Retarder installed by Caterpillar, with solenoids driven directly from the Caterpillar ECM, instead of driven through an OEM installed relay like the Auxiliary Brake.

Engine Speed/Timing Sensor

Provides a Pulse Width Modulated Signal to the ECM, which the ECM interprets as crankshaft position and engine speed.

Estimated Dynamic Timing

The ECM's estimation of actual injection timing.

Failure Mode Identifier (FMI)

Type of failure the component experienced (adopted from SAE standard practice J1587 diagnostics).

(FMI) Description

0 Data valid but above normal operation range

1 Data valid but below normal operation range

2 Data erratic, intermittent, or incorrect

3 Voltage above normal or shorted high

4 Voltage below normal or shorted low

5 Current below normal or open circuit

6 Current above normal or grounded circuit

7 Mechanical system not responding properly

8 Abnormal frequency, pulse width, or period

9 Abnormal update

10 Abnormal rate of change

11 Failure mode not identifiable

12 Defective device or component

13 Uncalibrated device or component

14/15 Reserved for future assignment

Flash Code (FC)

The Caterpillar proprietary code numbers which are flashed out on the diagnostic lamp.

Flash Programming

A way of programming or updating an ECM with an Electronic Service Tool over the data link instead of replacing components.

Fleet Information Software (FIS)

A software program to run on a personal computer (PC). This program allows user to review and reset trip information including Maintenance Indicator information.

Fuel Ratio Control (FRC)

FRC Fuel Pos. - is a limit based on control of the fuel to air ratio and is used for emissions control purposes. When the ECM senses a higher boost pressure (more air into cylinder), it increases the "FRC Fuel Pos" limit (allows more fuel into cylinder).

Fuel Position

An internal signal within the ECM, from the Electronic Governor to Fuel Injection Control. It is based on Desired RPM, FRC Fuel Position, rated fuel position and engine rpm. Reference "3176B, C-10, C-12, & 3406E System Overview" in Section 1 of this manual.

Fuel Temperature Sensor

This sensor detects the fuel temperature. The ECM monitors the fuel temperature and adjusts calculated fuel rate accordingly.

Full Load Setting (FLS)

Number representing fuel system adjustment made at the factory to "fine tune" the fuel system maximum fuel delivery. Correct value for this parameter is stamped on the engine information ratings plate. This parameter must be programmed or a Diagnostic Code 253-02 Check Customer Or System Parameters (56) will be generated.

Full Torque Setting (FTS)

Similar to Full Load Setting. This parameter must be programmed or a Diagnostic Code 253-02 Check Customer Or System Parameters (56) will be generated.

Gear Down Protection

Programmable High Gear Limits used to promote driving in higher gears for increased fuel economy.

Harness

The wiring bundle (loom) connecting all components of the Electronic System.

Hertz (Hz)

Measure of frequency in cycles per second.

Histogram

A bar graph indicating the relative frequency of vehicle operation in specific operating ranges.

Idle RPM Limit

Programmable parameter which indicates the maximum allowable engine rpm when an engine rpm is set using the Cruise Control On/Off switch and SET/RESUME switch.

Idle Shutdown Time

Programmable parameter which indicates time (in minutes) that the engine will idle before shutting down.

Idle/PTO Bump RPM

Programmable parameter indicating the amount which the engine RPM will be incremented/decremented when the Accel/Decel switches are briefly toggled.

Injector Codes

Four digit code etched on tappet or stamped on individual injectors of some 3406E unit injectors.

Intake Manifold Air Temperature Sensor

This sensor detects the intake manifold air temperature. The ECM monitors the inlet air temperature and coolant temperature to adjust injection timing. It is also part of Caterpillar Engine Monitoring.

Integrated Electronic Controls

The engine is designed with the electronic controls as a necessary part of the system. The engine will not operate without the electronic controls.

J1922 Data Link

An SAE (Society of Automotive Engineers) standard data link used to communicate between the electronic engine and power train components. Examples of power train components are ABS/Traction control or transmissions. This allows the powertrain component to control the engine during reduced traction or transmission shifts.

J1939 Data Link

An SAE (Society of Automotive Engineers) standard data link used to communicate between the electronic engine and transmission.

Kickout Switch

Refers to the service brake and clutch switches used to "kickout" or exit cruise control mode or PTO/idle set speeds.

Latch Mode

Programmable parameter option for control of the Auxiliary Retarder and/or engine retarder. The retarder engages when the service brake pedal is depressed and remains engaged until the control detects a change in a control input.

Logged Diagnostic Codes

Describes codes which are stored in memory. They are meant to be an indicator of possible causes for intermittent problems. Refer to Diagnostic Fault Code.

Oil Pressure Sensor

This sensor measures engine oil pressure and sends a signal to the ECM as part of Caterpillar Engine Monitoring.

Open Circuit

Condition where an electrical wire or connection is broken or a switch is open, so that the signal or the supply voltage can no longer reach its intended destination.

Original Equipment Manufacturer (OEM)

As used here, the manufacturer of a vehicle in which a Caterpillar engine is installed.

Parameter

A programmable value or limit which determines the characteristics or behavior of the engine and/or vehicle.

Passive Magnetic Vehicle Speed Sensor

A vehicle speed sensor not requiring a power and ground connection. It produces a signal based on the change in magnetic flux of a ferrous metal gear near the sensing tip.

Password

A group of numeric or alpha-numeric characters, designed to restrict access to parameters. The electronic system requires correct passwords in order to change Customer Specified Parameters (Customer Passwords) or certain engine specifications (Factory Passwords). Passwords are also required to clear certain diagnostic codes.

Pedal Mounted Throttle Position Sensor

This sensor measures pedal position and sends a signal to the ECM. The sensor is mounted on a throttle pedal assembly. See Remote Mounted Throttle Position Sensor.

Personality Module or Ratings Personality Module

The module attached inside of the ECM which contains all the instructions (software) for the ECM and performance maps for a specific power family.

Parameter Identifier (PID)

Two or three digit code which is assigned to each component to identify data via data link to ECM.

Powertrain Data Link

Refer to J1922 Data Link.

Pro-Link

A hand-held electronic service tool manufactured by Micro Processor Systems, Inc. (MPSI). Available with a Caterpillar cartridge to service Caterpillar electronic engines.

Progressive Shifting

Shifting up through the lower gears quickly by not using excessive engine rpm in each gear. Shifts are made above peak torque but below rated rpm. Using excessive engine (higher) rpm ranges before shifting to the next gear wastes fuel and fails to take advantage of the torque rise of the engine. The two steps (LoGr1, LoGr2) approximate ideal progressive shifting. Low gear #1 is typically set no lower than peak torque plus 200 rpm. Low gear #2 is typically set midway between Low gear #1 rpm limit and Top Engine Limit.

Power Take Off (PTO)

Operates with the cruise control switches, this mode permits setting a constant engine rpm when the vehicle is not moving (like a manual throttle control cable).

PTO Configuration

Programmable parameter which determines the use of the ECM Multi-Function inputs, if any, for PTO applications.

Pulse Width Modulation (PWM)

A signal consisting of variable width pulses at fixed intervals, whose ratio of "TIME ON" versus total "TIME OFF" can be varied (also referred to as "duty cycle").

Example of Pulse Width

Rated Fuel Position

("Rated Fuel Pos" on ECAP) - this indicates the maximum allowable fuel position (longest injection pulse). It will produce rated power for this engine configuration.

Retarder Solenoids

This refers to the Engine Retarder, installed by Caterpillar, with solenoids driven directly from the Caterpillar ECM, instead of driven through an OEM installed relay like the Auxiliary Retarder.

Reference Voltage

A regulated, unchanging voltage supplied by the ECM to a sensor. The reference voltage is used by the sensor to generate a signal voltage.

Remote Mounted Throttle Position Sensor

This sensor measures pedal position and sends a signal to the ECM. The sensor is mounted off of the throttle pedal assembly, usually near the fire wall in the engine compartment (not the cab). The throttle pedal is connected through an adjustable linkage to this pedal. See Pedal Mounted Throttle Position Sensor.

Remote Station Operation

Engine speed control from a location outside of the vehicle cab, typically for some type of PTO operation for pumping or other application using engine power.

Retarder Enable Signal

The retarder enable signal interfaces the ECM to the engine retarder. This will prohibit operation of the engine brake during undesirable engine operating conditions (such as while the engine is being fueled).

Sensor

A device used to detect and convert a change in pressure, temperature, or mechanical movement into an electrical signal.

Service Brake Switch

This OEM supplied and installed switch is typically a pressure switch. This switch is normally closed with the pedal released. Depressing the brake will open the circuit.

Service Program Module (SPM)

A software program on a factory programmable computer chip, designed to adapt an Electronic Service Tool to a specific application.

Short Circuit

A condition where an electrical circuit is unintentionally connected to an undesirable point. Example: a wire which rubs against a vehicle frame until it wears off its insulation and makes electrical contact with the frame.

Signal

A voltage or waveform used to transmit information typically from a sensor to the ECM.

Speed "burp"

A sudden, brief, unwanted change in engine rpm.

Speed/Timing Sensor

A sensor that measures crankshaft position, direction of rotation and engine rpm and sends signal to ECM.

Standard SAE Diagnostic Communications Data Link

Refer to ATA Data Link.

Subsystem

As used here, it is a part of the Electronic System that relates to a particular function, for instance throttle subsystem, etc.

Supply Voltage

A constant voltage supplied to a component to provide electrical power for its operation. It may be generated by the ECM, or it may be vehicle battery voltage supplied by the vehicle wiring.

System Configuration Parameters

Parameters which affect power rating family or emissions.

T Harness

A test harness designed to connect into vehicle or engine harness which allows normal circuit operation while providing a breakout or T to measure signals.

Theft Deterrent

A feature which uses a four digit code to prevent the engine from starting. Requires a password to be entered via CAT ID display.

Throttle Position

The ECM interpretation of the signal from the Throttle Position Sensor.

Throttle Position Sensor

An electronic sensor which is connected to the accelerator pedal and sends a Pulse Width Modulated Signal to the ECM.

Timing Calibration

The adjustment of an electrical signal as a means of correcting timing error between the crankshaft and camshaft. Refer to Speed/Timing Sensor.

Torque Limit

Programmable parameter which limits the maximum torque based on PTO Configuration and operation.

Total Tattletale

Total number of changes to all Customer Specified Parameters stored in the ECM.

Transducer

A device which converts a mechanical signal to an electrical signal. Requires an external power source to operate.

Transmission Style

Programmable parameter that designates the type of transmission in the vehicle and the circuit connected to the Clutch Switch input.

Trip Recorder

A device dedicated to recording vehicle and engine operating parameters during vehicle service. Used to analyze driving habits and produce driver logs.

Vehicle Speed Buffer